Hello, While preparing a question about this symptom, I found the root cause and put together a working, tested patch against sysdep/linux/netlink.c. Posting the fix directly rather than just the question, since a patch is more actionable than a symptom report. Happy to open this as a GitLab MR if that's useful — wanted to get feedback from the list / maintainers first, since I'm not fully sure this is the right layer to fix it at. == Environment == BIRD: 3.3.1 (bird3 3.3.1-cznic.1~trixie, Debian 13 test box) Kernel: 6.12.86 (Debian test), production runs Gentoo Role: egress PE, seamless-MPLS BGP L3VPN (AS 197296), IPv4-only underlay (OSPFv2 + BGP-LU), adding IPv6 as 6VPE (RFC 4659) over the IPv4 transport, extended next hop capability enabled on the vpn6 channel, no IPv6 IGP / LDPv6 anywhere in the underlay. == Symptom (unchanged from the original report) == Control plane resolution is complete and correct — BIRD resolves the VPNv6 route recursively via the IPv4 labeled table and builds the correct double MPLS label stack: show route table vpntab6 all 2a02:d280:201::/64 mpls 1207 unicast [proto_bgp_rr] * (100/?) [?] via 172.21.1.1 on lan mpls 24482/16 hostentry: via 100.127.1.26 table master4_lu mpls 16 But kernel export fails for these routes: show route table table_vpn6_overlay 2a02:d280:201::/64 unicast [l3_overlay] ! (80/?) via 172.21.1.1 on lan mpls 24482/16 <bird>: Netlink: Invalid argument (repeated, once per scan cycle) == Root cause == Confirmed by manual reproduction outside BIRD: # ip -6 route add 2a02:d280:300::/40 encap mpls 24481/1033 via inet 172.21.1.1 dev lan table 20 Error: IPv6 does not support RTA_VIA attribute. net/ipv6/route.c in mainline Linux does not accept RTA_VIA (the netlink attribute for a cross-family nexthop) on an IPv6 route, full stop — regardless of whether the address is a raw IPv4 address or an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. Since our underlay is IPv4-only, every VPNv6 route we import resolves (via the IPv4-labeled IGP table) to a physically IPv4-family adjacency, so every such route hits this kernel limitation. In sysdep/linux/netlink.c, nl_add_nexthop() is exactly where this happens: if (ipa_nonzero(nh->gw)) { if (af == (ipa_is_ip4(nh->gw) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6)) nl_add_attr_ipa(h, bufsize, RTA_GATEWAY, nh->gw); /* same family, OK */ else nl_add_attr_via(h, bufsize, nh->gw); /* cross-family -> rejected for v6 */ } The MPLS encap (nl_add_attr_mpls_encap(), a few lines above) is completely independent of this gateway-family branch — it's already correctly built from the hostentry-resolved label stack before the gateway is even considered. So fixing the gateway encoding does not touch the label stack at all. This looks like the mirror case of RFC 8950 (v4-via-v6, "IPv6 next hop for IPv4 NLRI", which the kernel does support): what we need here is the opposite direction, v6-via-v4, for which the kernel intentionally has no FIB representation. For an MPLS-encapsulated route, though, the gateway is only used to pick the L2 adjacency (the packet leaves as an MPLS frame, so the address family of the nexthop is otherwise irrelevant to forwarding), which means we don't actually need the kernel to support v6-via-v4 in general — we just need *some* valid on-link IPv6 address for that neighbor. == Two things I ruled out first (documenting so nobody re-treads this) == 1. Overriding gw in a kernel export filter (`if ifname = "lan" then gw = fe80::1;`): the route becomes installable, but overriding gw forces BIRD to recompute the nexthop as non-recursive/explicit, which drops the label stack from the hostentry resolution. Installable but non-forwarding. 2. BGP-side "next hop address" / extended-nexthop config changes: these only affect what *we* advertise for routes *we* originate. They have no effect on how imported routes (from the RR, next-hop = remote PE loopback) get resolved — that resolution goes through our IPv4-only IGP table (master4_lu) regardless of how our own next-hop attribute is encoded. Also, disabling extended-nexthop entirely makes BIRD reject the config outright ("Mismatched IGP table type") since it then requires the next-hop family to match the IGP table family. Verified both variants live against production traffic; neither changes the kernel-export outcome. == The patch == Confirmed the neighboring router already sends IPv6 Router Advertisements on the segment (independent of any IPv6 IGP — RA is link-scoped), so the kernel already keeps a working ND cache entry for it: ip -6 neigh show dev lan fe80::1 lladdr dc:68:0c:32:ed:b2 router STALE The attached patch adds a small on-link-router cache to netlink.c (mirrors the existing AF_BRIDGE FDB cache/parsing that's already in the file, just generalized to AF_INET6 neighbors flagged NTF_ROUTER), refreshed once per KRT scan cycle. In nl_add_nexthop(), when exporting an IPv6 route whose resolved gateway is IPv4-family, it looks up this cache by egress interface and substitutes the neighbor's real link-local address for RTA_GATEWAY instead of building the (rejected) RTA_VIA — the MPLS encap is untouched. No interface name or address is hardcoded anywhere; it's fully derived from what the kernel already knows via ND. If the cache has no entry yet for that interface, behavior is unchanged from today (route stays uninstalled, self-heals on the next scan) — no regression. Diff attached: 0001-netlink-ipv6-onlink-router-cache-for-6vpe-mpls-nexthop.diff (against v3.3.1, 4 hunks, all confined to sysdep/linux/netlink.c). == Test results (live, on a production-representative PE) == show route table table_vpn6_overlay -> routes now "*" (were "!") ip -6 route show table 20 2a02:d280:201::/64 encap mpls 24482/16 via fe80::1 dev lan proto bird ip -6 route get 2a02:d280:200::1 ... encap mpls 24481/1032 via fe80::1 dev lan ... (correct FIB lookup) ip -6 neigh show dev lan fe80::1 lladdr dc:68:0c:32:ed:b2 router REACHABLE journalctl -u bird -> no more "Netlink: Invalid argument" End-to-end ping from a live CPE through the fixed path: 171/171 received, 0% loss. == Questions for the list / maintainers == 1. Is this an acceptable place/approach to fix this, or would you rather see it handled differently (e.g. in rt-table.c nexthop resolution itself, or as an explicit config knob rather than automatic ND-based discovery)? 2. Known edge case: if a segment ever has more than one NTF_ROUTER neighbor on the same interface, the cache currently keeps whichever one was last seen in the dump (non-deterministic ordering). Not an issue in our topology (always exactly one router per segment), but worth flagging. 3. Cache refresh is tied to the existing KRT scan interval rather than the async netlink notification path, to avoid touching the shared AF_BRIDGE dispatch code. Happy to change this if an event-driven refresh is preferred upstream. Willing to open this as a merge request, test further, or provide more captures/config context — just let me know the preferred path. Thanks a lot for BIRD. Aleš Kopecký AS 197296 ales.kopecky@u-n.cz Attachments: 0001-netlink-ipv6-onlink-router-cache-for-6vpe-mpls-nexthop.diff